C
CMS Energy Corporation
CMS
$74.37
$1.291.77%
C
Hold
2/11/2025Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 2/11/2025 due to a decline in the growth index, valuation index and volatility index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 2/11/2025 due to a decline in the growth index, valuation index and volatility index.
B
Buy
7/26/2024Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B- from C+ on 7/26/2024 due to an increase in the total return index, valuation index and volatility index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B- from C+ on 7/26/2024 due to an increase in the total return index, valuation index and volatility index.
C
Hold
5/31/2024Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to C+ from C on 5/31/2024 due to an increase in the volatility index and solvency index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to C+ from C on 5/31/2024 due to an increase in the volatility index and solvency index.
C
Hold
4/17/2024Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C from C+ on 4/17/2024 due to a decline in the total return index and volatility index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C from C+ on 4/17/2024 due to a decline in the total return index and volatility index.
C
Hold
3/25/2024Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to C+ from C on 3/25/2024 due to a significant increase in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Operating cash flow increased 103.52% from $199M to $405M, earnings per share increased from $0.5979 to $1.0454, and EBIT increased 42.72% from $316M to $451M.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to C+ from C on 3/25/2024 due to a significant increase in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Operating cash flow increased 103.52% from $199M to $405M, earnings per share increased from $0.5979 to $1.0454, and EBIT increased 42.72% from $316M to $451M.
C
Hold
10/30/2023Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to C from C- on 10/30/2023 due to an increase in the growth index, valuation index and efficiency index. EBIT increased 9.34% from $289M to $316M, total revenue increased 7.59% from $1.56B to $1.67B, and total capital increased 1.74% from $22.83B to $23.23B.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to C from C- on 10/30/2023 due to an increase in the growth index, valuation index and efficiency index. EBIT increased 9.34% from $289M to $316M, total revenue increased 7.59% from $1.56B to $1.67B, and total capital increased 1.74% from $22.83B to $23.23B.
C
Hold
10/27/2023Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C- from C on 10/27/2023 due to a significant decline in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Operating cash flow declined 36.06% from $1.04B to $665M, total revenue declined 31.92% from $2.28B to $1.56B, and EBIT declined 19.5% from $359M to $289M.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C- from C on 10/27/2023 due to a significant decline in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Operating cash flow declined 36.06% from $1.04B to $665M, total revenue declined 31.92% from $2.28B to $1.56B, and EBIT declined 19.5% from $359M to $289M.
C
Hold
4/4/2023Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C from C+ on 4/4/2023 due to a decline in the volatility index, valuation index and dividend index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C from C+ on 4/4/2023 due to a decline in the volatility index, valuation index and dividend index.
C
Hold
3/16/2023Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to C+ from C on 3/16/2023 due to an increase in the volatility index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to C+ from C on 3/16/2023 due to an increase in the volatility index.
C
Hold
11/21/2022Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C from C+ on 11/21/2022 due to a decline in the total return index, valuation index and volatility index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C from C+ on 11/21/2022 due to a decline in the total return index, valuation index and volatility index.
C
Hold
11/9/2022Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 11/9/2022 due to a decline in the volatility index, total return index and efficiency index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 11/9/2022 due to a decline in the volatility index, total return index and efficiency index.
B
Buy
9/30/2022Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 9/30/2022 due to a major decline in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Earnings per share declined from $1.2133 to $0.5, operating cash flow declined 50.21% from $707M to $352M, and EBIT declined 41.92% from $501M to $291M.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 9/30/2022 due to a major decline in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Earnings per share declined from $1.2133 to $0.5, operating cash flow declined 50.21% from $707M to $352M, and EBIT declined 41.92% from $501M to $291M.
B
Buy
5/27/2022Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 5/27/2022 due to a decline in the volatility index and valuation index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 5/27/2022 due to a decline in the volatility index and valuation index.
B
Buy
5/5/2022Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B+ from B on 5/5/2022 due to a major increase in the total return index, valuation index and volatility index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B+ from B on 5/5/2022 due to a major increase in the total return index, valuation index and volatility index.
B
Buy
1/3/2022Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 1/3/2022 due to an increase in the volatility index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 1/3/2022 due to an increase in the volatility index.
B
Buy
11/11/2021Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 11/11/2021 due to a decline in the growth index, volatility index and total return index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 11/11/2021 due to a decline in the growth index, volatility index and total return index.
B
Buy
5/3/2021Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 5/3/2021 due to a significant increase in the growth index, volatility index and valuation index. Operating cash flow increased 530.3% from $132M to $832M, earnings per share increased from $0.5488 to $1.2093, and EBIT increased 38.42% from $380M to $526M.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 5/3/2021 due to a significant increase in the growth index, volatility index and valuation index. Operating cash flow increased 530.3% from $132M to $832M, earnings per share increased from $0.5488 to $1.2093, and EBIT increased 38.42% from $380M to $526M.
B
Buy
4/6/2021Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B- from C+ on 4/6/2021 due to an increase in the volatility index and total return index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B- from C+ on 4/6/2021 due to an increase in the volatility index and total return index.
C
Hold
3/22/2021Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 3/22/2021 due to a large decline in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Operating cash flow declined 62.07% from $348M to $132M, earnings per share declined from $0.76 to $0.5488, and EBIT declined 4.52% from $398M to $380M.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 3/22/2021 due to a large decline in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Operating cash flow declined 62.07% from $348M to $132M, earnings per share declined from $0.76 to $0.5488, and EBIT declined 4.52% from $398M to $380M.
B
Buy
8/6/2020Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B- from C+ on 8/6/2020 due to a noticeable increase in the growth index, volatility index and solvency index. Operating cash flow increased 196.02% from $201M to $595M, and the quick ratio increased from 0.68 to 0.84.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B- from C+ on 8/6/2020 due to a noticeable increase in the growth index, volatility index and solvency index. Operating cash flow increased 196.02% from $201M to $595M, and the quick ratio increased from 0.68 to 0.84.
C
Hold
6/4/2020Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 6/4/2020 due to a noticeable decline in the volatility index and total return index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 6/4/2020 due to a noticeable decline in the volatility index and total return index.
B
Buy
4/29/2020Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 4/29/2020 due to a decline in the total return index, volatility index and efficiency index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 4/29/2020 due to a decline in the total return index, volatility index and efficiency index.
B
Buy
8/13/2019Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 8/13/2019 due to an increase in the volatility index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 8/13/2019 due to an increase in the volatility index.
B
Buy
7/26/2019Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 7/26/2019 due to a large decline in the growth index, valuation index and total return index. Earnings per share declined from $0.75 to $0.3287, EBIT declined 36.91% from $382M to $241M, and total revenue declined 29.82% from $2.06B to $1.45B.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 7/26/2019 due to a large decline in the growth index, valuation index and total return index. Earnings per share declined from $0.75 to $0.3287, EBIT declined 36.91% from $382M to $241M, and total revenue declined 29.82% from $2.06B to $1.45B.
B
Buy
2/7/2019Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 2/7/2019 due to a noticeable decline in the growth index, total return index and solvency index. Earnings per share declined from $0.59 to $0.3801, EBIT declined 13.92% from $316M to $272M, and operating cash flow declined 7.38% from $149M to $138M.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 2/7/2019 due to a noticeable decline in the growth index, total return index and solvency index. Earnings per share declined from $0.59 to $0.3801, EBIT declined 13.92% from $316M to $272M, and operating cash flow declined 7.38% from $149M to $138M.
B
Buy
1/24/2019Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B+ from B on 1/24/2019 due to a large increase in the growth index, total return index and volatility index. Earnings per share increased from $0.49 to $0.59, EBIT increased 14.08% from $277M to $316M, and total revenue increased 7.17% from $1.49B to $1.6B.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B+ from B on 1/24/2019 due to a large increase in the growth index, total return index and volatility index. Earnings per share increased from $0.49 to $0.59, EBIT increased 14.08% from $277M to $316M, and total revenue increased 7.17% from $1.49B to $1.6B.
B
Buy
8/14/2018Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 8/14/2018 due to an increase in the volatility index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 8/14/2018 due to an increase in the volatility index.
B
Buy
7/27/2018Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 7/27/2018 due to a large decline in the growth index and solvency index. Earnings per share declined from $0.8561 to $0.49, EBIT declined 28.42% from $387M to $277M, and total revenue declined 23.6% from $1.95B to $1.49B.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 7/27/2018 due to a large decline in the growth index and solvency index. Earnings per share declined from $0.8561 to $0.49, EBIT declined 28.42% from $387M to $277M, and total revenue declined 23.6% from $1.95B to $1.49B.
B
Buy
7/5/2018Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 7/5/2018 due to an increase in the volatility index and total return index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B from B- on 7/5/2018 due to an increase in the volatility index and total return index.
B
Buy
4/30/2018Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B- from C+ on 4/30/2018 due to a significant increase in the growth index, solvency index and valuation index. Earnings per share increased from -$0.0107 to $0.8561, operating cash flow increased 39.92% from $506M to $708M, and the quick ratio increased from 0.51 to 0.57.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B- from C+ on 4/30/2018 due to a significant increase in the growth index, solvency index and valuation index. Earnings per share increased from -$0.0107 to $0.8561, operating cash flow increased 39.92% from $506M to $708M, and the quick ratio increased from 0.51 to 0.57.
C
Hold
3/19/2018Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 3/19/2018 due to a noticeable decline in the volatility index, total return index and valuation index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to C+ from B- on 3/19/2018 due to a noticeable decline in the volatility index, total return index and valuation index.
B
Buy
2/16/2018Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 2/16/2018 due to a significant decline in the growth index, total return index and volatility index. Earnings per share declined from $0.61 to -$0.0107.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B- from B on 2/16/2018 due to a significant decline in the growth index, total return index and volatility index. Earnings per share declined from $0.61 to -$0.0107.
B
Buy
12/29/2017Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 12/29/2017 due to a decline in the total return index.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 12/29/2017 due to a decline in the total return index.
B
Buy
10/27/2017Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B+ from B on 10/27/2017 due to a major increase in the growth index and volatility index. Earnings per share increased from $0.3292 to $0.61, EBIT increased 35.92% from $245M to $333M, and total revenue increased 5.38% from $1.45B to $1.53B.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to B+ from B on 10/27/2017 due to a major increase in the growth index and volatility index. Earnings per share increased from $0.3292 to $0.61, EBIT increased 35.92% from $245M to $333M, and total revenue increased 5.38% from $1.45B to $1.53B.
B
Buy
7/28/2017Downgrade
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B from A- on 7/28/2017 due to a significant decline in the growth index, valuation index and efficiency index. Net income declined 53.77% from $199M to $92M, earnings per share declined from $0.71 to $0.3292, and EBIT declined 37.34% from $391M to $245M.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was downgraded to B from A- on 7/28/2017 due to a significant decline in the growth index, valuation index and efficiency index. Net income declined 53.77% from $199M to $92M, earnings per share declined from $0.71 to $0.3292, and EBIT declined 37.34% from $391M to $245M.
A
Buy
5/4/2017Upgraded
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to A- from B on 5/4/2017 due to a significant increase in the growth index, solvency index and valuation index. Earnings per share increased from $0.277 to $0.71, operating cash flow increased 66.49% from $388M to $646M, and the quick ratio increased from 0.47 to 0.73.
CMS Energy Corporation (CMS) was upgraded to A- from B on 5/4/2017 due to a significant increase in the growth index, solvency index and valuation index. Earnings per share increased from $0.277 to $0.71, operating cash flow increased 66.49% from $388M to $646M, and the quick ratio increased from 0.47 to 0.73.
B
Buy
8/29/2016Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 8/29/2016 due to a large decline in the total return index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 8/29/2016 due to a large decline in the total return index.
B
Buy
7/29/2016Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B+ from A- on 7/29/2016 due to a large decline in the growth index, solvency index and total return index. Operating cash flow declined 25.79% from $632M to $469M, earnings per share declined from $0.59 to $0.4457, and total revenue declined 23.88% from $1.8B to $1.37B.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B+ from A- on 7/29/2016 due to a large decline in the growth index, solvency index and total return index. Operating cash flow declined 25.79% from $632M to $469M, earnings per share declined from $0.59 to $0.4457, and total revenue declined 23.88% from $1.8B to $1.37B.
A
Buy
7/8/2016Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 7/8/2016 due to a decline in the total return index, valuation index and dividend index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 7/8/2016 due to a decline in the total return index, valuation index and dividend index.
A
Buy
6/21/2016Upgraded
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A from A- on 6/21/2016 due to a major increase in the total return index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A from A- on 6/21/2016 due to a major increase in the total return index.
A
Buy
2/12/2016Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 2/12/2016 due to a noticeable decline in the growth index, solvency index and efficiency index. Net income declined 28.38% from $148M to $106M, earnings per share declined from $0.53 to $0.3804, and EBIT declined 22.71% from $317M to $245M.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 2/12/2016 due to a noticeable decline in the growth index, solvency index and efficiency index. Net income declined 28.38% from $148M to $106M, earnings per share declined from $0.53 to $0.3804, and EBIT declined 22.71% from $317M to $245M.
A
Buy
2/10/2016Upgraded
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A from A- on 2/10/2016 due to an increase in the volatility index, total return index and solvency index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A from A- on 2/10/2016 due to an increase in the volatility index, total return index and solvency index.
A
Buy
1/21/2016Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 1/21/2016 due to a decline in the total return index, valuation index and dividend index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 1/21/2016 due to a decline in the total return index, valuation index and dividend index.
A
Buy
12/18/2015Upgraded
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A from A- on 12/18/2015 due to an increase in the volatility index and total return index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A from A- on 12/18/2015 due to an increase in the volatility index and total return index.
A
Buy
12/3/2015Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 12/3/2015 due to a decline in the volatility index and total return index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 12/3/2015 due to a decline in the volatility index and total return index.
A
Buy
10/30/2015Upgraded
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A from B on 10/30/2015 due to a significant increase in the growth index, total return index and valuation index. Earnings per share increased from $0.2433 to $0.53, EBIT increased 55.39% from $204M to $317M, and total revenue increased 10.07% from $1.35B to $1.49B.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A from B on 10/30/2015 due to a significant increase in the growth index, total return index and valuation index. Earnings per share increased from $0.2433 to $0.53, EBIT increased 55.39% from $204M to $317M, and total revenue increased 10.07% from $1.35B to $1.49B.
B
Buy
7/24/2015Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B from A- on 7/24/2015 due to a significant decline in the growth index, volatility index and valuation index. Earnings per share declined from $0.73 to $0.2433, EBIT declined 48.61% from $397M to $204M, and total revenue declined 36.05% from $2.11B to $1.35B.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B from A- on 7/24/2015 due to a significant decline in the growth index, volatility index and valuation index. Earnings per share declined from $0.73 to $0.2433, EBIT declined 48.61% from $397M to $204M, and total revenue declined 36.05% from $2.11B to $1.35B.
A
Buy
7/10/2015Upgraded
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A- from B+ on 7/10/2015 due to an increase in the volatility index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A- from B+ on 7/10/2015 due to an increase in the volatility index.
B
Buy
6/25/2015Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B+ from A- on 6/25/2015 due to a large decline in the volatility index, total return index and growth index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B+ from A- on 6/25/2015 due to a large decline in the volatility index, total return index and growth index.
A
Buy
4/16/2015Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 4/16/2015 due to a noticeable decline in the total return index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A- from A on 4/16/2015 due to a noticeable decline in the total return index.
A
Buy
2/23/2015Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A from A+ on 2/23/2015 due to a decline in the total return index and solvency index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to A from A+ on 2/23/2015 due to a decline in the total return index and solvency index.
A
Buy
2/6/2015Upgraded
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A+ from A- on 2/6/2015 due to a substantial increase in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Operating cash flow increased 1,840% from $25M to $485M, total revenue increased 22.94% from $1.43B to $1.76B, and EBIT increased 15.68% from $236M to $273M.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A+ from A- on 2/6/2015 due to a substantial increase in the growth index, volatility index and total return index. Operating cash flow increased 1,840% from $25M to $485M, total revenue increased 22.94% from $1.43B to $1.76B, and EBIT increased 15.68% from $236M to $273M.
A
Buy
12/18/2014Upgraded
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A- from B+ on 12/18/2014 due to an increase in the total return index and volatility index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A- from B+ on 12/18/2014 due to an increase in the total return index and volatility index.
B
Buy
12/1/2014Upgraded
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to B+ from B on 12/1/2014 due to a noticeable increase in the total return index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to B+ from B on 12/1/2014 due to a noticeable increase in the total return index.
B
Buy
11/4/2014Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 11/4/2014 due to a major decline in the volatility index, valuation index and total return index.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B from B+ on 11/4/2014 due to a major decline in the volatility index, valuation index and total return index.
B
Buy
7/25/2014Downgrade
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B+ from A- on 7/25/2014 due to a major decline in the growth index. Earnings per share declined from $0.75 to $0.3, operating cash flow declined 46.64% from $611M to $326M, and EBIT declined 42.4% from $408M to $235M.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was downgraded to B+ from A- on 7/25/2014 due to a major decline in the growth index. Earnings per share declined from $0.75 to $0.3, operating cash flow declined 46.64% from $611M to $326M, and EBIT declined 42.4% from $408M to $235M.
A
Buy
3/12/2014Upgraded
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A- from B+ on 3/12/2014 due to a noticeable increase in the growth index, solvency index and efficiency index. Operating cash flow increased 1,217.39% from $23M to $303M, total revenue increased 20.14% from $1.45B to $1.74B, and total capital increased 2.39% from $11.19B to $11.46B.
CMS Energy Corp. (CMS) was upgraded to A- from B+ on 3/12/2014 due to a noticeable increase in the growth index, solvency index and efficiency index. Operating cash flow increased 1,217.39% from $23M to $303M, total revenue increased 20.14% from $1.45B to $1.74B, and total capital increased 2.39% from $11.19B to $11.46B.
NYSE
03/10/2025 1:01PM Eastern
Quotes delayed
